pora idomesniu fraziu is sinterneto
http://emit.kcbor.net/Emit%20clanci%20za%20sajt/EMIT%20Vol1%20No3/Waste%20hierarchy%20concept%20in%20relation%20with%20European%20and%20worldwide.pdfAlthough possibilities exist and base for this option are very serious, it is not
achieved as much as possible in this field. Theoretically, the quantity of waste engine oils
per vehicle could be several times less, and the total quantity at least half of the one 20
years ago. But actually it was not happened. Over the period from 1995 to 2003 the total
quantity of oil marketed/sold, in EU, decreased by 11% [6]. Since the number of cars
raised from 230 million to 290 million (26%) [9], during that period the result is more
significant.
Automakers achieve big improvements in better usage of engine (and gear) lubes
during the last decade of XX century and in the first decade of the XXI. Long life oil drain
intervals become very common. European car makers are extended drain intervals from
average 7500 km (5000-10000 km) in 80’s to 30000 km (20000 to 50000 km) nowadays.
What’s more, they reduced quantity of service fill for approx. 20% (from 5 to 4 liters). The
transport vehicles have even more extension of the oil drain intervals (with similar service
fill), typically from thirty thousand to 120 thousand km [10].
It gave conditions for 5 times less quantity of waste stream for the cars no older than 5 to
10 years theoretically but in the practice reduction was much smaller. However EU is
obvious world leader in the minimisation of waste stream since there is no decrease in lube
market in other regions of the world. North America has slow growth (less than 10%) in
last decade [9] and Japan has a volume which has remained stable for the past decade
[5,10]. On the other hand BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) has growth of 30% from
1998-2008 and now has ¼ of global consumption, same as Europe [6]. Europe is also
leader in use of biolubricants, followed with Japan, even market share is still symbolic one,
2% in 1999, with estimates that would be 5% by 2010 [8]. Biolubricants would be the most
important way for minimisation of waste oil (WO) as hazardous. Major obstacle for
biolube growth is their higher prices.
The biggest improvement in the prevention can be achieved due the fact that almost 48%
of total lube oils in 2006 are lost during use (evaporation, combustion) and through
leakages [9]. It leaves plenty of room for improvement in minimisation of waste.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/LT/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098&qid=1483867870629&from=ENir biski apie atliekas
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/LT/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098&qid=1483867870629&from=EN
Tema: Mitai ir tiesos apie variklines alyvas (Skaityta 143669 kartus)
2007 Rugpjūčio 24, 22:48:59 
